Our economy produces a lot of waste, reflecting significant inefficiencies in the use of resources and extra pollution along the production chain. Traditionally the waste industry operates at the end of the system by disposing of materials and products in landfill - almost 18 million tonnes a year - from the municipal, construction, demolition, commercial and industrial sectors. Per capita waste levels are increasing. However a new generation of technologies to recycle and reuse; and product design practices to improve recyclability are on the agenda, as well the take-back responsibility for producers.
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 Stimulating the marketplace towards sustainability can include market based and regulatory approaches. There is renewed discussion in Australia about market based instruments to reduce waste in the supply chain and for the end-of-life of products.
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 The NPC uses an industry/government agreement to reduce wasteful packaging. It has a self regulatory component but has come under severe criticism from NGOs and Environment Ministers. Major changes were made in mid-2005 including the prospect of stronger regulation if the NPC fails to deliver on its targets.
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